Likewise, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is separated by another geometric boundary along the 141st meridian.įor ethnic boundaries, they are drawn based on a cultural trait, such as where people share a language or religion. These straight lines could coincide with latitude or longitude, as is the case with the northwestern boundary of the United States with Canada along 49o north latitude. Instead, in the case of geometric boundaries, they are straight lines. In contrast to physical boundaries, geometric boundaries and ethnic boundaries are not related to natural features. Some examples of mountain ranges as boundaries include the Zagros Mountains between Iraq and Iran, the Pyrenees between Spain and France, and the Andes Mountains between Chile and Argentina. In fact, because of the gradual shift in the Rio Grande in the vicinity of El Paso, the United States and Mexico established the Chamizal Treaty which reestablished the boundary and included a more permanent relocation of the river channel by engineering ( Figure 8.5). As a result of the fact that the course of a river is not fixed, a river boundary can be problematic. Like most rivers, the Rio Grande shifts gradually (and sometimes abruptly) through time. ![]() The Rio Grande is an important physical boundary on the southern border of the United States. Physical boundaries are natural features on the landscape such as rivers, lakes, and mountains. Boundaries can be both physical and anthropogenic, and while it is difficult to categorize all boundaries, some prominent boundary types exist. A boundary is essentially an invisible, vertical plane that separates one state from another, so it includes both the airspace above the line on the surface and the ground below. As mentioned in Section 13.4, boundaries can influence the solidarity of a state, as boundaries disputes can result in conflict.
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